You find me one person in the United States that does not pay taxes and I'll find you a health insurance agent that knows little about tax law.
There are virtually no Americans that do not pay taxes.
That doesn't mean that all Americans pay the same taxes, but you'd be extremely hard pressed to find anyone in this entire country who hasn't paid any taxes in the last year, or even the last month.
The poor may not pay much (or anything) in income taxes, but they are paying sales taxes, they may be paying property taxes. If they're legally employed they are paying payroll taxes. And they are paying the corporate income taxes that are levied on the companies whose products they buy, as ultimately all corporate taxes are passed on to the consumer anyway.
The notion that there are somehow people outside the system receiving benefits but not paying taxes is nothing but a conservative canard with no basis in fact. And you seem like a relatively intelligent person, so you should know this already.
Different taxes pay for different things.